Chapter10

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=   Students with Handwriting Problems  =

n //**__Alphabet fun__**////**__.__** The teacher models how to make a unit letter in a funny way.//
= Writing Instruction =

n The acronym PENS helps the student remember the steps to sentence writing:
=== n **P ** — //Pick // a sentence type and formula. === === n **E ** — //Explore //words to fit the formula. === === n **N ** — //Note //the words. === === n **S ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Search //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> for verbs and subjects, and check. Schumaker and Sheldon (1998, 1999) ===

n <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The use of a first-letter mnemonic cues the student how to complete the writing task independently:
=== n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">P ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pick // === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">L ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">List // === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">E ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Evaluate // === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">A ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Activate // === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">S ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Supply // === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">E ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">End //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> and //evaluate// Welch (1992)  === == n <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">To cue the student to detect four kinds of common errors, the teacher can introduce COPS questions to be used as an error-monitoring strategy:  == === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">C ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Have I //capitalized// the first word and proper nouns? === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">O ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How is the //overall// appearance? (Look at spacing, legibility, indention of paragraphs, neatness, and complete sentences.) === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">P ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Have I put in commas, semicolons, and end //punctuation//? === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">S ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Have I //spelled// all the words correctly? ===

n <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(Schumaker, Nolan, & Deshler, 1985
= <span style="color: #333399; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Writing Instruction for Middle School Students = == n <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DARE is a strategy to help students compose appropriate opinion papers, while SPACE assists students in creating narratives. DARE is a first-letter mnemonic: == === n <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">D <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Develop //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> a position statement. === === n <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Add //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">supporting arguments. === === n <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">R <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Report //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> and refute counter arguments. === === n <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">E <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">End //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> with a strong conclusion. ===

n <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">SPACE, which also is a first letter-mnemonic, prompts students to remember the elements necessary in a fictional narrative:
=== n <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">S <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setting //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">elements  === === n <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Problems // === === n <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Actions // === === n <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">C <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Consequences // === === n <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">E <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Emotions // ===

n <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teaching theme writing through the use of the acronym TOWER provides a structured approach:
=== n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">T ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Think //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> (e.g., about content such as title, major subtopics, and details)  === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">O ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Organize //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> it (i.e., topics and details). === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">W ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Write //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> a draft. === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">E ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Evaluate //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> it (i.e., look for errors by using COPS). === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">R ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Refine //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> it. (Schumaker, 2003) === = <span style="color: #333399; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Writing Instruction =

n <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Strategy using the acronym HOW to improve the appearance of written work and remind the student how the paper should look:
=== n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">H ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Heading // === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">O ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Organized // === === n **<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">W ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">— //<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Written neatly // ===

<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Archer and Gleason (2002)
from - Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)